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1992-08-23
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This is Info file recode.info, produced by Makeinfo-1.47 from the input
file recode.texi.
Copyright (C) 1990 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Francois Pinard
<pinard@iro.umontreal.ca>, 1988.
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option) any
later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
File: recode.info, Node: Top, Next: Usage, Prev: (dir), Up: (dir)
Conversion of files between different charsets and usages
*********************************************************
This `recode' program has the purpose of converting files between
various character sets and usages. When exact transliterations are not
possible, as it is often the case, the program may get rid of the
offending characters or fall back on approximations.
Let us coin the term "charset" to represent, without distinction, a
character set "per se" or a particular usage of a character set. This
program recognizes or produces a little more than a dozen of such
charsets. Since it can convert each charset to almost any other one,
more than one hundred different conversions are possible.
This tool pays special attention to superimposition of diacritics,
particularily for French representation. This orientation is mostly
historical, it does not impair the usefulness, generality or
extensibility of the program. In fact, this program evolved for
several years, through several programming languages and computer
brands, because I used a lot of different coding for French characters
on different machines, each system having its own peculiarities.
You may find in this document:
* Menu:
* Usage:: How to use this program
* Charsets:: Character sets recognized of produced
* Easy French:: Easy French conventions
* Internals:: Internal aspects
* Future:: Future things
-- The Detailed Node Listing --
Character sets recognized of produced
* applemac:: ASCII 8-bits for Apple's Macintosh
* ascii:: ASCII 7-bits, BS to overstrike
* bangbang:: ASCII "bang bang", escapes are ! and !!
* cccascii:: ASCII 8-bits as seen by Perkin Elmer
* cdcascii:: ASCII 8-bits a seen by Control Data
* cdcnos:: ASCII 6/12 from NOS, escapes are ^ and @
* ebcdic:: EBCDIC with no further comments
* flat:: ASCII without diacritics nor underline
* ibmpc:: ASCII 8-bits for IBM's PC
* iconqnx:: ASCII as coded on Unisys' ICON
* latex:: ASCII with LaTeX codes
* latin1:: ASCII extended by Latin Alphabet 1
* texte:: ASCII with easy French conventions
ASCII 7-bits, BS to overstrike
* Commented ASCII::
* Octal ASCII::
* Decimal ASCII::
* Hexadecimal ASCII::
ASCII "bang bang", escapes are ! and !!
* Display Code:: Control Data's Display Code
ASCII extended by Latin Alphabet 1
* Commented Latin-1::
* Octal Latin-1::
* Decimal Latin-1::
* Hexadecimal Latin-1::
Easy French conventions
* French quotes:: How to type them.
* Latin ligatures:: They are not representable.
* Diacritics:: How to type them, things to know.
* Ending diaeresis:: List of words ending with diaeresis.
* Easy French History:: When, How and Who.
Internal aspects
* Main flow:: Overall organization of the program.
* Piping:: Distinction between internal or external piping.
* Limitations:: A few limitations of the choosen implementation.
* New charsets:: How to proceed in adding new charsets.
File: recode.info, Node: Usage, Next: Charsets, Prev: Top, Up: Top
How to use this program
=======================
The general format of the program call is:
recode [OPTION]... [BEFORE]:[AFTER] [FILE]...
Each file FILE will be read assuming it is coded with charset
BEFORE, it will be recoded over itself so to use the charset AFTER. If
there is no such FILE, the program rather acts as a filter and recode
standard input to standard output.
The available options are:
Given this option, all other parameters and options are ignored.
The program prints briefly the Copyright and copying conditions.
See the file `COPYING' in the distribution for full statement of
the Copyright and copying conditions.
With Easy French conventions, use the column `:' instead of the
double-quote `"' for marking diaeresis. See: *Note Easy French::.
This option is recognized, but otherwise ignored. Eventually, this
option will be necessary for a file to be replaced by its recoded
contents, if it is found that the recoding is not fully
reversible. In this version, the replacement is unconditionnaly
done.
When the recoding requires a combination of two or more elementary
recoding steps, this option forces many passes over the data, using
intermediate files between passes. This is the default behaviour
when files are recoded over themselves. If this option is
selected in filter mode, that is, when the program reads standard
input and writes standard output, it might take longer for
programs further down the pipe chain to start receiving some
recoded data.
When the recoding requires a combination of two or more elementary
recoding steps, this option forces the creation of a chain of
program instances initiated through the `popen(3)' library call,
all operating in parallel. In filter mode, at cost of some
overhead, recoded data will be available soon after the program
starts, even if many elementary recoding steps are required.
If, at installation time, the `popen(3)' call is said to be
unavailable, selecting option `-o' is equivalent to selecting
option `-i'.
When the recoding requires a combination of two or more elementary
recoding steps, this option forces the program to fork itself into
a few copies interconnected with pipes, using the `pipe(2)' system
call. All copies of the program operate in parallel. This method
is similar to the method used through option `-o', but is slightly
more efficient. This is the default behaviour in filter mode. If
this option is used when files are recoded over themselves, this
should save some disk accesses and some disk space, at cost of
more system overhead.
If, at installation time, the `pipe(2)' call is said to be
unavailable, selecting option `-p' is equivalent to selecting
option `-o'. If both `pipe(2)' and `popen(3)' are unavailable,
selecting option `-p' is equivalent to selecting option `-i'.
The *touch* option is meaningful only when files are recoded over
themselves. Without it, the timestamps associated with files are
preserved, to reflect the fact that changing the code of a file
does not really alter its informational contents. When the user
wants the recoded files to be timestamped at the recoding time;
this option inhibits the automatic protection of the timestamps.
Before proceeding, the program will print on `stderr' the list and
order of application of elementary conversions which are planned
to achieve the global conversion. Then, the program will print on
`stderr' one message per FILE recoded, so to let the user informed
of the progress of its command.
One or both of the BEFORE or AFTER keywords may be omitted, but the
colon which separates them cannot. An omitted keyword implies the
usual or default code in usage on the system where this program is
installed. Usually, this default code is `latin1' for UNIX systems or
`ibmpc' for MS-DOS machines, but it might be changed to any other
supported code when this program is installed.
File: recode.info, Node: Charsets, Next: Easy French, Prev: Usage, Up: Top
Character sets recognized of produced
=====================================
The possible values for charset BEFORE or charset AFTER are provided
as the keys in the following menu.
* Menu:
* applemac:: ASCII 8-bits for Apple's Macintosh
* ascii:: ASCII 7-bits, BS to overstrike
* bangbang:: ASCII "bang bang", escapes are ! and !!
* cccascii:: ASCII 8-bits as seen by Perkin Elmer
* cdcascii:: ASCII 8-bits a seen by Control Data
* cdcnos:: ASCII 6/12 from NOS, escapes are ^ and @
* ebcdic:: EBCDIC with no further comments
* flat:: ASCII without diacritics nor underline
* ibmpc:: ASCII 8-bits for IBM's PC
* iconqnx:: ASCII as coded on Unisys' ICON
* latex:: ASCII with LaTeX codes
* latin1:: ASCII extended by Latin Alphabet 1
* texte:: ASCII with easy French conventions
File: recode.info, Node: applemac, Next: ascii, Prev: Charsets, Up: Charsets
ASCII 8-bits for Apple's Macintosh
----------------------------------
The file has been obtained or is aimed to a Macintosh micro-computer
from Apple. This is an eight bit code. The file is the data fork only.
File: recode.info, Node: ascii, Next: bangbang, Prev: applemac, Up: Charsets
ASCII 7-bits, BS to overstrike
------------------------------
The file is straight ASCII, seven bits only. According to the
definition of ASCII: diacritics are applied by a sequence of three
characters: the letter, one BS, the diacritic mark. We deviate
slightly from this by exchanging the diacritic mark and the letter so,
on a screen device, the diacritic will disappear and let the letter
alone. At recognition time, both methods are acceptable.
The French quotes are coded by the sequences: `< BS "' or `" BS <'
for the opening quote and `> BS "' or `" BS >' for the closing quote.
This artifical convention was inherited in straight `ascii' from habits
around `bangbang' entry, and is not well known. But we decided to
stick to it so that `ascii' charset will not loose French quotes.
* Menu:
* Commented ASCII::
* Octal ASCII::
* Decimal ASCII::
* Hexadecimal ASCII::
File: recode.info, Node: Commented ASCII, Next: Octal ASCII, Prev: ascii, Up: ascii
Commented ASCII
...............
oct dec hex name description
000 0 0 nul null character
001 1 1 soh start of header
002 2 2 stx start of text
003 3 3 etx end of text
004 4 4 eot end of transmission
005 5 5 enq enquiry
006 6 6 ack acknowledge
007 7 7 bel bell
010 8 8 bs back space
011 9 9 ht horizontal tab
012 10 a nl new line
013 11 b vt vertical tab
014 12 c np new page
015 13 d cr carriage return
016 14 e so shift out
017 15 f si shift in
020 16 10 dle data link escape
021 17 11 dc1 device control 1
022 18 12 dc2 device control 2
023 19 13 dc3 device control 3
024 20 14 dc4 device control 4
025 21 15 nak negative acknowledge
026 22 16 syn synchronize
027 23 17 etb end of transmitted block
030 24 18 can cancel
031 25 19 em end of medium
032 26 1a sub substitute
033 27 1b esc escape
034 28 1c fs file separator
035 29 1d gs group separator
036 30 1e rs record separator
037 31 1f us unit separator
040 32 20 sp space
177 127 7f del delete
File: recode.info, Node: Octal ASCII, Next: Decimal ASCII, Prev: Commented ASCII, Up: ascii
Octal ASCII
...........
000 nul 020 dle 040 sp 060 0 100 @ 120 P 140 ` 160 p
001 soh 021 dc1 041 ! 061 1 101 A 121 Q 141 a 161 q
002 stx 022 dc2 042 " 062 2 102 B 122 R 142 b 162 r
003 etx 023 dc3 043 # 063 3 103 C 123 S 143 c 163 s
004 eot 024 dc4 044 $ 064 4 104 D 124 T 144 d 164 t
005 enq 025 nak 045 % 065 5 105 E 125 U 145 e 165 u
006 ack 026 syn 046 & 066 6 106 F 126 V 146 f 166 v
007 bel 027 etb 047 ' 067 7 107 G 127 W 147 g 167 w
010 bs 030 can 050 ( 070 8 110 H 130 X 150 h 170 x
011 ht 031 em 051 ) 071 9 111 I 131 Y 151 i 171 y
012 nl 032 sub 052 * 072 : 112 J 132 Z 152 j 172 z
013 vt 033 esc 053 + 073 ; 113 K 133 [ 153 k 173 {
014 np 034 fs 054 , 074 < 114 L 134 \ 154 l 174 |
015 cr 035 gs 055 - 075 = 115 M 135 ] 155 m 175 }
016 so 036 rs 056 . 076 > 116 N 136 ^ 156 n 176 ~
017 si 037 us 057 / 077 ? 117 O 137 _ 157 o 177 del
File: recode.info, Node: Decimal ASCII, Next: Hexadecimal ASCII, Prev: Octal ASCII, Up: ascii
Decimal ASCII
.............
0 nul 16 dle 32 sp 48 0 64 @ 80 P 96 ` 112 p
1 soh 17 dc1 33 ! 49 1 65 A 81 Q 97 a 113 q
2 stx 18 dc2 34 " 50 2 66 B 82 R 98 b 114 r
3 etx 19 dc3 35 # 51 3 67 C 83 S 99 c 115 s
4 eot 20 dc4 36 $ 52 4 68 D 84 T 100 d 116 t
5 enq 21 nak 37 % 53 5 69 E 85 U 101 e 117 u
6 ack 22 syn 38 & 54 6 70 F 86 V 102 f 118 v
7 bel 23 etb 39 ' 55 7 71 G 87 W 103 g 119 w
8 bs 24 can 40 ( 56 8 72 H 88 X 104 h 120 x
9 ht 25 em 41 ) 57 9 73 I 89 Y 105 i 121 y
10 nl 26 sub 42 * 58 : 74 J 90 Z 106 j 122 z
11 vt 27 esc 43 + 59 ; 75 K 91 [ 107 k 123 {
12 np 28 fs 44 , 60 < 76 L 92 \ 108 l 124 |
13 cr 29 gs 45 - 61 = 77 M 93 ] 109 m 125 }
14 so 30 rs 46 . 62 > 78 N 94 ^ 110 n 126 ~
15 si 31 us 47 / 63 ? 79 O 95 _ 111 o 127 del
File: recode.info, Node: Hexadecimal ASCII, Prev: Decimal ASCII, Up: ascii
Hexadecimal ASCII
.................
00 nul 10 dle 20 sp 30 0 40 @ 50 P 60 ` 70 p
01 soh 11 dc1 21 ! 31 1 41 A 51 Q 61 a 71 q
02 stx 12 dc2 22 " 32 2 42 B 52 R 62 b 72 r
03 etx 13 dc3 23 # 33 3 43 C 53 S 63 c 73 s
04 eot 14 dc4 24 $ 34 4 44 D 54 T 64 d 74 t
05 enq 15 nak 25 % 35 5 45 E 55 U 65 e 75 u
06 ack 16 syn 26 & 36 6 46 F 56 V 66 f 76 v
07 bel 17 etb 27 ' 37 7 47 G 57 W 67 g 77 w
08 bs 18 can 28 ( 38 8 48 H 58 X 68 h 78 x
09 ht 19 em 29 ) 39 9 49 I 59 Y 69 i 79 y
0a nl 1a sub 2a * 3a : 4a J 5a Z 6a j 7a z
0b vt 1b esc 2b + 3b ; 4b K 5b [ 6b k 7b {
0c np 1c fs 2c , 3c < 4c L 5c \ 6c l 7c |
0d cr 1d gs 2d - 3d = 4d M 5d ] 6d m 7d }
0e so 1e rs 2e . 3e > 4e N 5e ^ 6e n 7e ~
0f si 1f us 2f / 3f ? 4f O 5f _ 6f o 7f del
File: recode.info, Node: bangbang, Next: cccascii, Prev: ascii, Up: Charsets
ASCII "bang bang", escapes are ! and !!
---------------------------------------
This is the local code in use on Cybers at Universite de Montreal,
which grave and serious people there prefer to name "ASCII code
display". This code is also known as "Bang-bang". It is based on a six
bits character set in which capitals, French diacritics and a few
others are coded using an `!' escape followed by a single character,
and control characters using a double `!' escape followed by a single
character.
The routines given here presume that the six bits code is already
expressed in ASCII by the communication channel, with embedded ASCII `!'
escapes.
Here is a table showing which characters are being used to encode
each ASCII character.
000 !!@ 020 !!P 040 060 0 100 @ 120 !P 140 !@ 160 P
001 !!A 021 !!Q 041 !" 061 1 101 !A 121 !Q 141 A 161 Q
002 !!B 022 !!R 042 " 062 2 102 !B 122 !R 142 B 162 R
003 !!C 023 !!S 043 # 063 3 103 !C 123 !S 143 C 163 S
004 !!D 024 !!T 044 $ 064 4 104 !D 124 !T 144 D 164 T
005 !!E 025 !!U 045 % 065 5 105 !E 125 !U 145 E 165 U
006 !!F 026 !!V 046 & 066 6 106 !F 126 !V 146 F 166 V
007 !!G 027 !!W 047 ' 067 7 107 !G 127 !W 147 G 167 W
010 !!H 030 !!X 050 ( 070 8 110 !H 130 !X 150 H 170 X
011 !!I 031 !!Y 051 ) 071 9 111 !I 131 !Y 151 I 171 Y
012 !!J 032 !!Z 052 * 072 : 112 !J 132 !Z 152 J 172 Z
013 !!K 033 !![ 053 + 073 ; 113 !K 133 [ 153 K 173 ![
014 !!L 034 !!\ 054 , 074 < 114 !L 134 \ 154 L 174 !\
015 !!M 035 !!] 055 - 075 = 115 !M 135 ] 155 M 175 !]
016 !!N 036 !!^ 056 . 076 > 116 !N 136 ^ 156 N 176 !^
017 !!O 037 !!_ 057 / 077 ? 117 !O 137 _ 157 O 177 !_
* Menu:
* Display Code:: Control Data's Display Code
File: recode.info, Node: Display Code, Prev: bangbang, Up: bangbang
Control Data's Display Code
...........................
Octal display code to graphic Octal display code to octal ASCII
00 : 20 P 40 5 60 # 00 072 20 120 40 065 60 043
01 A 21 Q 41 6 61 [ 01 101 21 121 41 066 61 133
02 B 22 R 42 7 62 ] 02 102 22 122 42 067 62 135
03 C 23 S 43 8 63 % 03 103 23 123 43 070 63 045
04 D 24 T 44 9 64 " 04 104 24 124 44 071 64 042
05 E 25 U 45 + 65 _ 05 105 25 125 45 053 65 137
06 F 26 V 46 - 66 ! 06 106 26 126 46 055 66 041
07 G 27 W 47 * 67 & 07 107 27 127 47 052 67 046
10 H 30 X 50 / 70 ' 10 110 30 130 50 057 70 047
11 I 31 Y 51 ( 71 ? 11 111 31 131 51 050 71 077
12 J 32 Z 52 ) 72 < 12 112 32 132 52 051 72 074
13 K 33 0 53 $ 73 > 13 113 33 060 53 044 73 076
14 L 34 1 54 = 74 @ 14 114 34 061 54 075 74 100
15 M 35 2 55 75 \ 15 115 35 062 55 040 75 134
16 N 36 3 56 , 76 ^ 16 116 36 063 56 054 76 136
17 O 37 4 57 . 77 ; 17 117 37 064 57 056 77 073
File: recode.info, Node: cccascii, Next: cdcascii, Prev: bangbang, Up: Charsets
ASCII 8-bits as seen by Perkin Elmer
------------------------------------
This charset represents the way Concurrent Computer Corporation
(formerly Perkin Elmer) expresses EBCDIC using ASCII.
File: recode.info, Node: cdcascii, Next: cdcnos, Prev: cccascii, Up: Charsets
ASCII 8-bits a seen by Control Data
-----------------------------------
This charset represents the way Control Data Corporation relates
EBCDIC to ASCII. We also select the lower half of this table to do
straigth ASCII to EBCDIC conversions, back and forth.
File: recode.info, Node: cdcnos, Next: ebcdic, Prev: cdcascii, Up: Charsets
ASCII 6/12 from NOS, escapes are ^ and @
----------------------------------------
This is one of the charset in use on CDC Cyber NOS systems to
represent ASCII, sometimes named "NOS 6/12" code for coding ASCII.
This code is also known as "caret ASCII". It is based on a six bits
character set in which small letters and control characters are coded
using a `^' escape and, sometimes, a `@' escape.
The routines given here presume that the six bits code is already
expressed in ASCII by the communication channel, with embedded ASCII
`^' and `@' escapes.
Here is a table showing which characters are being used to encode
each ASCII character.
000 ^5 020 ^# 040 060 0 100 @A 120 P 140 @G 160 ^P
001 ^6 021 ^[ 041 ! 061 1 101 A 121 Q 141 ^A 161 ^Q
002 ^7 022 ^] 042 " 062 2 102 B 122 R 142 ^B 162 ^R
003 ^8 023 ^% 043 # 063 3 103 C 123 S 143 ^C 163 ^S
004 ^9 024 ^" 044 $ 064 4 104 D 124 T 144 ^D 164 ^T
005 ^+ 025 ^_ 045 % 065 5 105 E 125 U 145 ^E 165 ^U
006 ^- 026 ^! 046 & 066 6 106 F 126 V 146 ^F 166 ^V
007 ^* 027 ^& 047 ' 067 7 107 G 127 W 147 ^G 167 ^W
010 ^/ 030 ^' 050 ( 070 8 110 H 130 X 150 ^H 170 ^X
011 ^( 031 ^? 051 ) 071 9 111 I 131 Y 151 ^I 171 ^Y
012 ^) 032 ^< 052 * 072 @D 112 J 132 Z 152 ^J 172 ^Z
013 ^$ 033 ^> 053 + 073 ; 113 K 133 [ 153 ^K 173 ^0
014 ^= 034 ^@ 054 , 074 < 114 L 134 \ 154 ^L 174 ^1
015 ^ 035 ^\ 055 - 075 = 115 M 135 ] 155 ^M 175 ^2
016 ^, 036 ^^ 056 . 076 > 116 N 136 @B 156 ^N 176 ^3
017 ^. 037 ^; 057 / 077 ? 117 O 137 _ 157 ^O 177 ^4
File: recode.info, Node: ebcdic, Next: flat, Prev: cdcnos, Up: Charsets
EBCDIC with no further comments
-------------------------------
This charset is the IBM's external binary coded decimal for
interchange coding. This is an eight bits code.
File: recode.info, Node: flat, Next: ibmpc, Prev: ebcdic, Up: Charsets
ASCII without diacritics nor underline
--------------------------------------
This code is ASCII expunged of all diacritics and underlines, as
long as they are applied using three character sequences, with BS in the
middle. Also, despite slightly unrelated, each control character is
represented by a sequence of two or three graphic characters. The
newline character, however, keeps its functionnality and is not
represented.
Note that charset `flat' is a terminal charset. We can convert *to*
`flat', but not *from* it.
File: recode.info, Node: ibmpc, Next: iconqnx, Prev: flat, Up: Charsets
ASCII 8-bits for IBM's PC
-------------------------
The file was obtained or is aimed towards a PC microcomputer from
IBM or any compatible. This is an eight-bit code.
File: recode.info, Node: iconqnx, Next: latex, Prev: ibmpc, Up: Charsets
ASCII for the Unisys' ICON
--------------------------
The file is using Unisys' ICON way to represent diacritics with 0x19
escape sequences. This is a seven-bit code, even if eight-bit codes
can flow through as part of IBM-PC charset.
File: recode.info, Node: latex, Next: latin1, Prev: iconqnx, Up: Charsets
ASCII with LaTeX codes
----------------------
This charset is an ASCII file coded to be read by LaTeX or, in
certain cases, by TeX.
File: recode.info, Node: latin1, Next: texte, Prev: latex, Up: Charsets
ASCII extended by Latin Alphabet 1
----------------------------------
This charset corresponds to the ISO Latin Alphabet 1. It is an
eight-bit code which coincides with ASCII for the lower half.
* Menu:
* Commented Latin-1::
* Octal Latin-1::
* Decimal Latin-1::
* Hexadecimal Latin-1::
File: recode.info, Node: Commented Latin-1, Next: Octal Latin-1, Prev: latin1, Up: latin1
Commented Latin-1
.................
oct dec hex description
240 160 a0 no-break space
241 161 a1 inverted exclamation mark
242 162 a2 cent sign
243 163 a3 pound sign
244 164 a4 currency sign
245 165 a5 yen sign
246 166 a6 broken bar
247 167 a7 paragraph sign, section sign
250 168 a8 diaeresis
251 169 a9 copyright sign
252 170 aa feminine ordinal indicator
253 171 ab left angle quotation mark
254 172 ac not sign
255 173 ad soft hyphen
256 174 ae registered trade mark sign
257 175 af macron
260 176 b0 degree sign
261 177 b1 plus-minus sign
262 178 b2 superscript two
263 179 b3 superscript three
264 180 b4 acute accent
265 181 b5 small greek mu, micro sign
266 182 b6 pilcrow sign
267 183 b7 middle dot
270 184 b8 cedilla
271 185 b9 superscript one
272 186 ba masculine ordinal indicator
273 187 bb right angle quotation mark
274 188 bc vulgar fraction one quarter
275 189 bd vulgar fraction one half
276 190 be vulgar fraction three quarters
277 191 bf inverted question mark
300 192 c0 capital A with grave accent
301 193 c1 capital A with acute accent
302 194 c2 capital A with circumflex accent
303 195 c3 capital A with tilde
304 196 c4 capital A diaeresis
305 197 c5 capital A with ring above
306 198 c6 capital diphthong A with E
307 199 c7 capital C with cedilla
310 200 c8 capital E with grave accent
311 201 c9 capital E with acute accent
312 202 ca capital E with circumflex accent
313 203 cb capital E with diaeresis
314 204 cc capital I with grave accent
315 205 cd capital I with acute accent
316 206 ce capital I with circumflex accent
317 207 cf capital I with diaeresis
320 208 d0 capital icelandic ETH
321 209 d1 capital N with tilde
322 210 d2 capital O with grave accent
323 211 d3 capital O with acute accent
324 212 d4 capital O with circumflex accent
325 213 d5 capital O with tilde
326 214 d6 capital O with diaeresis
327 215 d7 multiplication sign
330 216 d8 capital O with oblique stroke
331 217 d9 capital U with grave accent
332 218 da capital U with acute accent
333 219 db capital U with circumflex accent
334 220 dc capital U with diaeresis
335 221 dd capital Y with acute accent
336 222 de capital icelandic THORN
337 223 df small german sharp s
340 224 e0 small a with grave accent
341 225 e1 small a with acute accent
342 226 e2 small a with circumflex accent
343 227 e3 small a with tilde
344 228 e4 small a with diaeresis
345 229 e5 small a with ring above
346 230 e6 small diphthong a with e
347 231 e7 small c with cedilla
350 232 e8 small e with grave accent
351 233 e9 small e with acute accent
352 234 ea small e with circumflex accent
353 235 eb small e with diaeresis
354 236 ec small i with grave accent
355 237 ed small i with acute accent
356 238 ee small i with circumflex accent
357 239 ef small i with diaeresis
360 240 f0 small icelandic eth
361 241 f1 small n with tilde
362 242 f2 small o with grave accent
363 243 f3 small o with acute accent
364 244 f4 small o with circumflex accent
365 245 f5 small o with tilde
366 246 f6 small o with diaeresis
367 247 f7 division sign
370 248 f8 small o with oblique stroke
371 249 f9 small u with grave accent
372 250 fa small u with acute accent
373 251 fb small u with circumflex accent
374 252 fc small u with diaeresis
375 253 fd small y with acute accent
376 254 fe small icelandic thorn
377 255 ff small y with diaeresis
File: recode.info, Node: Octal Latin-1, Next: Decimal Latin-1, Prev: Commented Latin-1, Up: latin1
Octal Latin-1
.............
200 220 240 nsp 260 ++ 300 A` 320 DD 340 a` 360 dd
201 221 241 !! 261 +- 301 A' 321 N~ 341 a' 361 n~
202 222 242 c| 262 22 302 A^ 322 O` 342 a^ 362 o`
203 223 243 ## 263 33 303 A~ 323 O' 343 a~ 363 o'
204 224 244 cur 264 '' 304 A" 324 O^ 344 a" 364 o^
205 225 245 y- 265 uu 305 A+ 325 O~ 345 a+ 365 o~
206 226 246 || 266 pil 306 AE 326 O" 346 ae 366 o"
207 227 247 $$ 267 .. 307 C, 327 xx 347 c, 367 //
210 230 250 "" 270 ,, 310 E` 330 O/ 350 e` 370 o/
211 231 251 cO 271 11 311 E' 331 U` 351 e' 371 u`
212 232 252 a- 272 o- 312 E^ 332 U' 352 e^ 372 u'
213 233 253 << 273 >> 313 E" 333 U^ 353 e" 373 u^
214 234 254 -. 274 14 314 I` 334 U" 354 i` 374 u"
215 235 255 -- 275 12 315 I' 335 Y' 355 i' 375 y'
216 236 256 tO 276 34 316 I^ 336 PP 356 i^ 376 pp
217 237 257 mac 277 ?? 317 I" 337 ss 357 i" 377 y"
File: recode.info, Node: Decimal Latin-1, Next: Hexadecimal Latin-1, Prev: Octal Latin-1, Up: latin1
Decimal Latin-1
...............
128 144 160 nsp 176 ++ 192 A` 208 DD 224 a` 240 dd
129 145 161 !! 177 +- 193 A' 209 N~ 225 a' 241 n~
130 146 162 c| 178 22 194 A^ 210 O` 226 a^ 242 o`
131 147 163 ## 179 33 195 A~ 211 O' 227 a~ 243 o'
132 148 164 cur 180 '' 196 A" 212 O^ 228 a" 244 o^
133 149 165 y- 181 uu 197 A+ 213 O~ 229 a+ 245 o~
134 150 166 || 182 pil 198 AE 214 O" 230 ae 246 o"
135 151 167 $$ 183 .. 199 C, 215 xx 231 c, 247 //
136 152 168 "" 184 ,, 200 E` 216 O/ 232 e` 248 o/
137 153 169 cO 185 11 201 E' 217 U` 233 e' 249 u`
138 154 170 a- 186 o- 202 E^ 218 U' 234 e^ 250 u'
139 155 171 << 187 >> 203 E" 219 U^ 235 e" 251 u^
140 156 172 -. 188 14 204 I` 220 U" 236 i` 252 u"
141 157 173 -- 189 12 205 I' 221 Y' 237 i' 253 y'
142 158 174 tO 190 34 206 I^ 222 PP 238 i^ 254 pp
143 159 175 mac 191 ?? 207 I" 223 ss 239 i" 255 y"
File: recode.info, Node: Hexadecimal Latin-1, Prev: Decimal Latin-1, Up: latin1
Hexadecimal Latin-1
...................
80 90 a0 nsp b0 ++ c0 A` d0 DD e0 a` f0 dd
81 91 a1 !! b1 +- c1 A' d1 N~ e1 a' f1 n~
82 92 a2 c| b2 22 c2 A^ d2 O` e2 a^ f2 o`
83 93 a3 ## b3 33 c3 A~ d3 O' e3 a~ f3 o'
84 94 a4 cur b4 '' c4 A" d4 O^ e4 a" f4 o^
85 95 a5 y- b5 uu c5 A+ d5 O~ e5 a+ f5 o~
86 96 a6 || b6 pil c6 AE d6 O" e6 ae f6 o"
87 97 a7 $$ b7 .. c7 C, d7 xx e7 c, f7 //
88 98 a8 "" b8 ,, c8 E` d8 O/ e8 e` f8 o/
89 99 a9 cO b9 11 c9 E' d9 U` e9 e' f9 u`
8a 9a aa a- ba o- ca E^ da U' ea e^ fa u'
8b 9b ab << bb >> cb E" db U^ eb e" fb u^
8c 9c ac -. bc 14 cc I` dc U" ec i` fc u"
8d 9d ad -- bd 12 cd I' dd Y' ed i' fd y'
8e 9e ae tO be 34 ce I^ de PP ee i^ fe pp
8f 9f af mac bf ?? cf I" df ss ef i" ff y"
File: recode.info, Node: texte, Prev: latin1, Up: Charsets
ASCII with easy French conventions
----------------------------------
This charset is identical to `ascii', save for French diacritics
which are noted using a slightly different convention.
See *Note Easy French:: for more details.
File: recode.info, Node: Easy French, Next: Internals, Prev: Charsets, Up: Top
Easy French conventions
=======================
These conventions are used in `texte' and `latexte' charsets, which
are seven bits codes. At text entry time, these conventions provide a
little speed up. At read time, they slightly improve the readability.
Of course, it would better to have a specialized keyboard to make
direct eight bits entries and fonts for immediately displaying eight
bit ISO Latin-1 characters. But not everybody is so fortunate. In
several mailing environment, the eight bit is often willfully destroyed
(an horrible Crime that most people do not care to straighten up).
See:
* Menu:
* French quotes:: How to type them.
* Latin ligatures:: They are not representable.
* Diacritics:: How to type them, things to know.
* Ending diaeresis:: List of words ending with diaeresis.
* Easy French History:: When, How and Who.
File: recode.info, Node: French quotes, Next: Latin ligatures, Prev: Easy French, Up: Easy French
French quotes
-------------
French quotes (sometimes called "angle quotes") are noted the same
way English quotes are noted in TeX, *id est* by ```' and `'''.
File: recode.info, Node: Latin ligatures, Next: Diacritics, Prev: French quotes, Up: Easy French
Latin ligatures
---------------
No effort has been put to preserve Latin ligatures (`ae', `oe')
which are representable in several other charsets. So, these ligatures
may be lost through Easy French conventions.
File: recode.info, Node: Diacritics, Next: Ending diaeresis, Prev: Latin ligatures, Up: Easy French
Diacritics
----------
This is almost the French convention for simplified diacritics entry:
Acute accent
Grave accent
Circumflex accent
Diaeresis
Cedilla
In some countries, `:' is used instead of `"' to mark diaeresis.
`recode' support one convention on a single call, depending on the `-c'
option of the `recode' command.
The convention is prone to loosing information, because the diacritic
meaning overloads some characters that already have other uses. To
alleviate this, some knowledge of the French language is insufflated
into the recognition routines. So, the following subtleties are
systematically obeyed by the various recognizers.
* A single quote which follows a `e' does not necessarily means an
acute accent if it is followed by a single other one. For example:
`e''
will give an `e' with an acute accent.
`e'''
will give a simple `e', with a closing quotation mark.
`e''''
will give an `e' with an acute accent, followed by a closing
quotation mark.
There is a problem induced by this convention if there are English
citations with a French text. In sentences like:
There's a meeting at Archie's restaurant.
the single quotes will be mistaken twice for acute accents. So
English contractions and suffix possessives could be mangled.
* A double quote or colon, depending on `-c' option, which follows a
vowel is interpreted as diaeresis only if it is followd by another
letter. But there are in French several words that *end* with a
diaeresis, the program also recognizes them.
See *Note Ending diaeresis:: for a study of all the problematic
cases.
* A comma which follows a `c' is interpreted as a cedilla only if it
is followd by one of the vowels `a', `o' and `u'.
File: recode.info, Node: Ending diaeresis, Next: Easy French History, Prev: Diacritics, Up: Easy French
List of words ending with diaeresis
-----------------------------------
Here is a classification of all cases of a diaeresis at the end of a
French word:
* Words ending in "igue"
- Feminine words without a relative masculine:
besaigue" cigue"
- Feminine words with a relative masculine: (1)
aigue" ambigue" contigue" exigue" subaigue" suraigue"
* Words not ending in "igue"
- Ended by "i": (2)
ai" congai" goi" hai"kai" inoui" sai" samurai" thai" tokai"
- Ended by "e":
canoe"
- Ended by "u": (3)
Esau"
Notes:
1. There are supposed to be seven words in this case. So, one is
missing.
2. Look at the following sentence:
"Ai"e! Voici le proble`me que j'ai"
or, using the `-c' option:
Ai:e! Voici le proble`me que j'ai:
There is an ambiguity between an *ai"*, the small animal, and the
indicative future of *avoir* (first person singular), when
followed by what could be a diaeresis mark. Hopefully, the case
is solved by the fact that an apostrophe always precedes the verb
and almost never the animal.
3. I did not pay attention to proper nouns, but this one showed up as
being fairly evident.
Just to complete this topic, note that it would be wrong to make a
rule for all words ending in "igue" as needing a diaerisis. Here are
counter-examples:
becfigue be`sigue bigue bordigue bourdigue brigue contre-digue
digue d'intrigue fatigue figue garrigue gigue igue intrigue
ligue prodigue sarigue zigue
File: recode.info, Node: Easy French History, Prev: Ending diaeresis, Up: Easy French
When, How and Who.
------------------
Easy French has been in use in France for a while. Loic Dachary
<loic@design.axis.fr> first exposed me to this particular convention. I
only slightly adapted it (the diaeresis option) to make it more
comfortable to several usages in Que'bec originating from Universite' de
Montre'al.
In fact, the main problem for me was not to necessarily to invent
Easy French, but to recognize the "best" convention to use, (best is not
being defined, here) and to try to solve the main pithfalls associated
with the selected convention. I'm particularily grateful to Claude
Goutier <6@cc.umontreal.ca> whom, through numerous discussions in
August 1988, was quite helpful in evaluating various hypothesis.
File: recode.info, Node: Internals, Next: Future, Prev: Easy French, Up: Top
Internal aspects
================
This information is organized in:
* Menu:
* Main flow:: Overall organization of the program.
* Piping:: Distinction between internal or external piping.
* Limitations:: A few limitations of the choosen implementation.
* New charsets:: How to proceed in adding new charsets.
File: recode.info, Node: Main flow, Next: Piping, Prev: Internals, Up: Internals
Overall organization
--------------------
The main driver has a table giving the conversion routines available
and for each, the starting charset and the ending charset. It then
tries to figure out the shortest sequence of conversions that will
transform the input charset into the final charset. Let us consider
these charsets as being the nodes of a directed graph. `recode' has
internally a few elementary recoding methods, called "single-step"s,
each of which may be considered as oriented arc from one node to the
other. A cost is attributed to each single-step. Given a starting
code and a goal code, `recode' computes the most economical route
through the elementary recodings.
The main part of `recode' is written in C, as are most single-steps.
A few single-steps which need to recognize sequences of multiple
characters are written in `lex'.
File: recode.info, Node: Piping, Next: Limitations, Prev: Main flow, Up: Internals
Internal vs external piping
---------------------------
Suppose that four elementary steps are selected at path optimization
time. Then `recode' will split itself into four different tasks
interconnected with pipes, logically equivalent to:
step1 <input | step2 | step3 | step4 >output
File: recode.info, Node: Limitations, Next: New charsets, Prev: Piping, Up: Internals
Some limitations
----------------
Here are some limitations of the program.
* There is a limit (currently 10) on the number of steps allowed in
one single recodification work. It should stay sufficient for
quite a while, maybe for ever. This is a simple compilation
`#define', in any case.
File: recode.info, Node: New charsets, Prev: Limitations, Up: Internals
Adding new charsets
-------------------
It is fairly easy for a programmer to add a new charset to `recode'.
All it requires is making two routines, modifying a few tables, and
`make'ing `recode' again.
One of the routine should convert from any previous charset to the
new one. Any previous charset will do, but try to select it so you
will not loose too much information while converting. If you have to
read multiple bytes of the old charset before recognizing the character
to produce, you might write this routine in `lex'; otherwize, use C.
Prototype your routine after one of those which exists, so to keep the
sources uniform.
The other routine should convert from the new charset to any older
one. You do not have to select the same old charset than what you
selected for the previous routine. Select any charset for which you
will not loose too much information while converting. If the routine
has to read multiple bytes of the new charset before deciding which
character it will produce, you might write this routine in `lex';
otherwize, use C. Prototype your routine after one of those which
exists, so to keep the sources uniform.
Edit `Makefile' to add the object name of your two routines to the
`C_STEPS' or `L_STEPS' macro definition, depending on the fact your
routines is written in C or in `lex'. Then edit `steps.h' in the four
following places:
1. Create a symbol for your new charset in `enum TYPE_code'
definition.
2. Add the option name of your new charset in `code_keywords'
initialization.
3. Add two `extern' declarations for your routines at the appropriate
places.
4. Add two lines in `single_steps' array initialization to declare
your routines. For each line, include the four following fields:
1. The function name of your routine.
2. The starting code `enum' constant, that is, the code your
routine *reads*.
3. The goal code `enum' constant, that is, the code your routine
*produces*.
4. The cost of your routine, using the predefined constants
`STEP', `LOOSE', `EXACT', `SLOW' and `FAST'. See the comments
for the exact meaning of each of these and follow the
examples. Respect these meanings and be honest with the
costs!
In some circumstances, one of your routines would be a mere copy.
It is better in this case to not provide the routine, but still
declare it in `single_steps' using `NULL' as its function name and
`ALREADY' *alone* as its cost.
File: recode.info, Node: Future, Prev: Internals, Up: Top
Future things
=============
I will be glad to hear critics and suggestions, even for details.
This program is made up of hundreds of details, in fact. Write to
`pinard@iro.umontreal.ca'.
Some notes and suggestions.
* Accept abbreviations for charsets on the command call. Accept more
than one conversion with intermediate filters in a single call.
* Support Universite de Montreal "accent" convention.
* Support `[nt]roff' diacritics.
* Support the Atari-ST internal code.
* Segregate charsets and usages.
* Is there some way of specifying that recode should not contract
something that looks like an accent? Like "There\'s a meeting at
Archie\'s restaurant"? (With corresponding insertion of
backslashes or whatevers when converting the other way, of course
- the transformation from accented to ascii should be exactly
invertable in all cases.) Of course, There\'s will not be
contracted.
Tag Table:
Node: Top
Node: Usage
Node: Charsets
Node: applemac
Node: ascii
Node: Commented ASCII
10698
Node: Octal ASCII
12314
Node: Decimal ASCII
13465
Node: Hexadecimal ASCII
14542
Node: bangbang
15575
Node: Display Code
17531
Node: cccascii
18896
Node: cdcascii
19180
Node: cdcnos
19529
Node: ebcdic
21422
Node: flat
21679
Node: ibmpc
22291
Node: iconqnx
22544
Node: latex
22865
Node: latin1
23083
Node: Commented Latin-1
23457
Node: Octal Latin-1
27856
Node: Decimal Latin-1
29048
Node: Hexadecimal Latin-1
30246
Node: texte
31334
Node: Easy French
31640
Node: French quotes
32607
Node: Latin ligatures
32876
Node: Diacritics
33198
Node: Ending diaeresis
35198
Node: Easy French History
36949
Node: Internals
37782
Node: Main flow
38219
Node: Piping
39174
Node: Limitations
39562
Node: New charsets
39971
Node: Future
42609
End Tag Table